Organometallic compounds are a class of chemical composition that has a wide range of compounds within which the metal atom is bonded through the covalent bond to the organic group(s). These types have been largely investigated in the past ten years with an enormously wide variety of properties and significant potential applications in catalysis, materials, and medicine. In this review, we will give, in detail, a practical overview of organometallic compounds that consist of definition, types, synthesis, physicochemical properties, and applications.
Definition and Classification:
Organometallic compounds belong to a class, wherein one or even more organic group is covalently bonded to a metal atom. The metal can either be a transition metal or the main group metal or lanthanide or actinide metal. Depending upon the type of metal and that of organic group, organometallic compounds form several classes. There are some common categories as described below:
Transition Metal Organometallic Compounds These are compounds with a transition metal atom-for example, iron, cobalt, and nickel-bonded to an organic moiety.
Main group organometallic compounds:
These molecules contain a main group metal atom, such as aluminium, gallium, or indium, and are covalently bound to an organic molecule.
Organometallic compounds of lanthanides and actinides
They have a lanthanide or actinide metal atom, lanthanum or uranium, coordinated to an organic moiety.
Synthesis:
Organometallic compounds can be prepared by any one of the following methods:
Direct reaction of metal:
This includes a direct reaction of metal with some organic material. It can either be an alkyl halide (R-X) or an aryl halide (C6h5-X).
It is essentially a reaction between metal halide and an organometallic reagent like Grignardide alcohol or organolithium hydride. It is essentially the following reaction involving oxidation: between an oxide metal compound and an organic molecule, for example, alkyl halides or aryl halides.
Properties:
Organometallic compounds exhibit a broad spectrum of unique properties, including:
High reactivity:
The organometallic compound has such high reactivity, simply because of the metal atom itself, which may be engaged in many chemical reactions.
High Thermal Stability:
Organometallic compounds are very stable towards heat and can be used at high temperatures. Magnetic properties: Some organometallic compounds are magnetic and useful for magnetic material preparation.
Optical property:
Many organometallic compounds exhibit the optical property, which could be useful for optoelectronics.
Applications:
Organometallic compounds have a wide range of applications, some of them explained below
Catalysis:
Organometallic molecules have been proven in thousands of applications that act as catalysts in various kinds of chemical reactions, for example, hydrogenation, oxidation, and polymerization processes.
In the polymerization of the polymers, ceramics and nanomaterials, the organometallic compounds are used.
Medication:
Organometallic compounds have been medicinally used to treat diseases such as cancer and infections.
Energy Storage:
Organometallic compounds are studied for energy storage applications, that is, for the batteries and fuel cells.
Examples of Organometallic Compounds
Examples of organometallic compounds: Some examples of the organometallic compounds:
The molecule is called ferrocene and contains an iron atom, two cyclopentadienyl groups, and serves as a catalyst in many chemical reactions.
Grignard reagents:
the terminology is coined because of a compound in which a magnesium atom is bonded to an alkyl or aryl substituent and used as reagents for any number of organic transformations.
Metal carbonyls:
These complexes typically contain a central metal atom bonded to one or more carbonyl groups. These compounds are catalysts in many chemical reactions.
Conclusion
Organometallic compounds constitute a class of compounds where there is bonding of one organic group or more to a metal atom.
These compounds have dramatically vast ranges of distinctive properties and find widespread application in fields as diversified as catalysis, materials science, medicine, to energy storage.
Future Directions:
In the future, work in organometallic compounds will presumably be focused along three main lines:vnew methods of synthesis, new properties and applications, and design of new materials and technology.
Among the channels of investigation, some of them include:
Innovation of new synthesis methods: By using a substitute for parameter use, such as microwave irradiation or ionic liquids, synthesis protocols may be designed that improve the yield and selectivity with which an organometallic compound is prepared.
New properties and applications:
This could lead to the finding of new properties and applications of organometallic compounds, such as their potential in the field of energy storage or optoelectronic devices.
New material and technology development:
Organometallic entities may possibly find use in developments in new materials and technologies such as advanced catalysts, nanomaterials, and optical/electronic devices. During the coming years, certainly, the field of organometallic compounds will open up to more development through further discoveries and developments, innovative technologies, and applications.
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